Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Fanling Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Richard Wing Cheung LUI, Senior Lecturer, Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

This presentation introduces the design and implementation of GPTutor, a Generative AI (GenAI) powered Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) developed at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU). GPTutor aims to enhance student learning experiences through personalised tutoring and interactive exploration. It helps students gain a deeper understanding of the course materials provided by their instructors. During the first phase of our implementation, we developed features for instructors to upload and manage their course content and to create learning scenarios based on the learning content. The system includes a conversational interface for students to ask questions and explore course content to deepen their understanding. As the answers are generated based on the instructor-uploaded content, GPTutor provides more factual responses, reduces hallucinations, and aligns better with the instructors’ intended learning outcomes (ILO). We will also share findings from our pilot study, which involved approximately 200 undergraduate and postgraduate students at PolyU. Finally, we will discuss our future plans for further development and enhancement of the platform.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Innovative Technology-in-Education

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: J4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Beatrice CHU, Head, Professional Development, Center for Education Innovation, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Abstract

The “Co-Creating the Future of Education” project, a collaborative effort led by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), alongside the University of Hong Kong (HKU) and Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), advances the Student as Partners (SaP) approach within Hong Kong’s higher education sector. This initiative aims to transform pedagogical models by embedding student engagement in the learning process. Key objectives include enhancing professional development programs, enabling faculty and staff to collaborate effectively with students, and establishing a standardized evaluation framework to measure the impact of SaP initiatives. The project also emphasizes the creation of a Community of Practice for Student Partnership, facilitating the exchange of successful strategies and supporting ongoing SaP projects. Additionally, the Student Partnership Co-Creation Program is a cornerstone objective, fostering innovative ideas and collaborative efforts between students and faculty. Progress to date includes the successful implementation of five key focus areas: organizing professional development seminars, establishing a resource hub, and initiating the Student Partnership Co-Creation Program. Notably, 20 teams from various institutions participated in this program, yielding high satisfaction rates and valuable insights. Ultimately, this project seeks to create a sustainable, collaborative ecosystem that enhances student agency, faculty development, and curriculum innovation across participating institutions.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.1  Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: J1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Professor Jeanne TAN, Professor, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Dr Wing Chung WONG, Post-Doctoral Fellow, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

Talent development in innovation and technology is key to the sustainable development of a vibrant economy. STEM education plays a vital role in nurturing a globally competitive workforce for the future. Fostering STEM literacy at the early stages of education will equip students with the core knowledge and interdisciplinary skills for creative innovation and contributing to the future economy. Conventional education is often discipline-focused with a tendency to employ linear learning strategies which do not fully explore the knowledge opportunities present in the interdisciplinary STEM content. This often results in a skewed emphasis on technical content which young students may find difficult to contextualise in daily life. The reflective and adaptive nature of design may serve as an effective bridge to connect creativity and knowledge seeking in STEM domains (Toomey and Tan, 2018). A design-led STEM framework was adopted in two Quality Education Fund projects, reaching over 1000 secondary school students. These projects utilized fashion, artificial intelligence, and e-textiles as mediums to help students develop problem solving skills with real world applications.

Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.4  Other UGC grants, Quality Education Fund (QEF), and Quality Enhancement Support Scheme (QESS)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: K2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Sean MCMINN, Director, Center for Education Innovation, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Abstract

This project aims to develop a Co-Instructrional Designer platform to assist instructors in creating course materials. By leveraging Generative AI, the platform will support faculty members in designing course outlines, content, learning activities, assignments, and rubrics aligned with learning outcomes. The platform will connect to a Center for Education Innovation (CEI)-managed knowledge base containing curated pedagogies and best practices. Instructors will interact with the platform through pre-defined prompts, receiving tailored guidance that they can evaluate and adapt to meet their specific course needs. Key features of the platform include front-end interfaces for instructors and system administrators, robust technical architecture for file storage, and conversation history management. Having completed the Proof-of-Concept phase, implementation will proceed with structuring the knowledge base, developing the frontend, integrating the system, and conducting testing, with the final rollout planned for Fall 2025/26. The project will benefit approximately 750 faculty members and teaching staff at HKUST. This tool has multiple applications: it can serve as a co-designer for faculty, support quality assurance, assist with faculty development, and aid in Teaching and Learning Innovation Pedagogy and Blended Learning Projects. Success will be measured by the quality of responses in testing scenarios, training participation and satisfaction, and overall platform usage.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.2  Fund for Innovative Technology-in-Education (FITE)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: L2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Kenneth Chi-hang LO, Associate Division Head and Senior Lecturer, Division of Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Dr Anthony Wai-keung LOH, Division Head and Director of Hong Kong Community College, Division of Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,

Abstract

The learning and teaching of science and/or engineering subjects face a big challenge under the COVID-19 pandemic because all face-to-face laboratory works are suspended. Since laboratory works are essential and critical elements to science and engineering education. Teachers have tried other means to relief the effect by performing demonstration, simulation or virtual laboratory, such that experimental data can be collected for analysis afterwards. However, students commented that they cannot see and control the laboratory apparatus in “real” time. Besides, students are required to conduct experiments in a fixed schedule and usually the teaching and laboratory schedules are not synchronized, due to the limited laboratory equipment and space. Students are required to conduct the experiment before the teaching of the corresponding theory. This affects their learning experience and motivation. The proposed project aims to develop a web-based remote laboratory for science and engineering education to facilitate student independent learning and enhance their learning experience. The objectives of the project are to: (1) design the infrastructure and software specification of the remote laboratory system; (2) identify experimental sets that can be conducted remotely; (3) enhance student learning experience and engagement as “real time” operation of laboratory equipment individually or in a group at anytime and anywhere under safe and controlled environment; (4) reduce the initial investment on offering science and/or engineering programmes by other local institutions for a better development of the sector; (5) enhance collaboration between local and even overseas institutions by sharing experimental sets; (6) inspire the tertiary education sector to develop blended and online teaching modules for science and engineering subjects which required laboratory works.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.4  Other UGC grants, Quality Education Fund (QEF), and Quality Enhancement Support Scheme (QESS)

Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800

Venue: D3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Kin WAN, Teaching Fellow, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Dr Jeffrey LEUNG, Teaching Fellow, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

This study assesses an inter-professional training program aimed at improving the skills of optometry and education students in addressing the visual needs of children with special educational needs (SEN). Due to communication and behavioral challenges, SEN children are at a higher risk of having undetected visual problems, necessitating effective collaboration between optometrists and educators. The program included lectures, workshops, and practical vision screenings at special schools. Pre- and post-program surveys, using a Likert scale, measured participants’ understanding of SEN and confidence in managing visual issues in these children. Thirty-seven optometry and 21 education students participated in the study. Results showed a significant enhancement in the understanding of SEN characteristics and the importance of pediatric eye care (p < 0.001 and p < 0.023 respectively). Optometry students reported increased confidence in building rapport with SEN children, conducting eye exams, and making professional judgments (p ≤ 0.006). The findings suggest that inter-professional training can effectively improve the competence of future professionals in providing comprehensive eye care to SEN children, showcasing the benefits of collaborative educational approaches between healthcare and special education sectors.

Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration

Sub-theme: 2.2 Diversity and Inclusion Education

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II

Presenter(s)

– Dr Angela LI, Associate Professor, Division of Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College

– Dr Monica CHOW, Project Manager, Division of Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College

Abstract

Aiming to enhance the job-readiness of our students, an electronic teaching and learning kit for job-ready skill training (e-JR kit) is developed. This e-JR kit consists of three teaching modules that cover the topics of core skills needed for a paraprofessional job as a clinical assistant, including Module 1 Communication skills in the workplace, Module 2 safety and ethical issues in the workplace and Module 3 professional skills in the workplace. The regular industry involvement is a key feature of this e-JR kit project. Different industry stakeholders are continuously consulted, help with the design of real workplace scenarios, and give feedback on the effectiveness of the training. To accommodate the learning preferences of the current generation of students, the content of this e-JR kit is presented in bite-sized topics, such as case scenarios, short videos and small quizzes, and the design is highly visual and interactive. This well-designed kit will help students integrate their skills before employment, and to equip them with skills for a range of possible scenarios in the workplace. To promote the use of the e-JR kit, the completed kit will be shared with other local institutions and our industry partners in the pre-job training of their students and new staff.

Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Quality Education Fund (QEF), and Quality Enhancement Support Scheme (QESS)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: A3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Professor Suntong QI, Assistant Professor of Teaching, Department of Marketing and International Business, Lingnan University

Abstract

As the adoption of AI-generated content (AIGC) continues to grow in educational settings, it is crucial to understand its impact on student learning experiences. Through surveys with undergraduate students, we explore students’ attitudes, perceptions, and expectations toward AIGC in their academic pursuits. By examining the student perspective, the presentation will provide valuable insights into the evolving landscape of AIGC in education. It will highlight the strategies and best practices that educational institutions can implement to ensure the responsible and ethical use of AIGC, empowering students to navigate this technological landscape effectively.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.1  Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Fanling Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Mr Jac LEUNG, Lecturer, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Abstract

This project explores the intersection of Generative AI, reflection and experiential learning, highlighting GenAI’s pivotal role in fostering deeper cognitive processes and the attainment of complex knowledge structures. In recognition of the multifaceted dimensions of reflection, we aim to examine GenAI’s role in promoting different focuses of reflection including technical reflection on efficiency of attaining goals; practical reflection on challenging assumptions and establishing identities; and critical reflection on reflecting within a broader consideration of socio-historical and political-cultural context. GenAI is widely praised for its ability to serve as agent to writing and agent to knowledge. This study explores GenAI’s potential as agent to reflect, offering a perspective transformation devoid of judgement and social bias. We adopt an action research approach to accommodate both the rapidly growing research area and state-of-the-art teaching innovations. To examine the roles of GenAI in various types of experiential learning contexts, a 3-year collaboration project consists of four local universities in Hong Kong was initiated in early 2024. Participating students are of diverse background in science, social science, engineering, business, and health profession (radiography). Reflective exercises are designed according to the course context and the type of experiences within entrepreneurship education, social innovation, and health professional training.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Innovative Technology-in-Education

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Fanling Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Mr Jungjin PARK, PhD student, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

– Professor Larry LI, Associate Head & Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technolog

Abstract

Immersive technologies come in various forms and names, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and recently spatial computing. While higher education has always been at the forefront of experimenting with such technologies in the classroom, the ubiquity of smartphones and tablets – capable of creating robust AR experiences – has made it possible for wider adoption in recent years. In this presentation, we highlight lessons learned from a pilot project that leveraged AR to enhance aerospace laboratory training at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and how this effort is being expanded across multiple disciplines such as pulmonary physiotherapy and forensic pathology. In particular, we share our vision to combine AR and large language models (LLMs) to design truly immersive learning experiences that can be effectively deployed into classrooms. When combined, the two technologies mutually benefit and supplement their respective advantages and limitations, thereby overcoming many of the current challenges faced by educators when deploying either on their own.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme:  Innovative Technology-in-Education

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: A2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Professor Helen Hongyan GENG, Assistant Professor of Teaching, Science Unit, Lingnan University

Abstract

This study investigates the implementation of co-teaching in four general education courses — Earth Science, Environmental Science, Ecology, and Law—centered around the theme of carbon footprint. The project unfolds in two phases. Phase I engages Earth Science and Environmental Science in a structured debate on climate change, aiming to enhance students’ critical thinking by juxtaposing evidence supporting climate change against skeptical views. Phase II extends the co-teaching model to include Earth Science, Law, and Ecology, with a focus on groundwater pollution, to highlight a multidisciplinary approach to the issue. Throughout both phases, students from the co-teaching courses assimilated both face-to-face and online, concluding with individual research projects that analyze their co-teaching experiences. This study aims to promote curiosity-driven learning, nurture multidisciplinary education, and enhance students’ critical thinking and analytical competence.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.1  Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)

Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II

Presenter(s)

– Ms Nancy TING, Senior Lecturer, Early Childhood Education, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education

– Ms Mary Ann HOOD, Senior Lecturer, Early Childhood Education, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education

Abstract

The transition from kindergarten to primary school is an important time for children and parents. In addition, starting primary school is a significant milestone for children as the teaching and learning experiences, curriculum and classroom environment are markedly different to the kindergarten. For example, there are new rules and expectations to get used to. Coping well and adjusting to the changes is important and a successful start to primary school is associated with future learning success in school. The overall Kindergarten to Primary (K2P) project objective is to overcome stress brought by the K2P transition; provide a solid foundation for primary school stage and promote child readiness for school and school readiness for child and family. The project has four objectives that focus inter alia on the students, their parents, and in-service and pre-service teachers. This presentation will focus on objective 1 which is to equip students with a positive mindset and readiness for the new learning environment using a multi-step approach. This approach includes implementing lesson plans and home activities to develop and support children’s acquisition of 7 specific skillsets, namely Cognitive skills, Independent thinking, Collaborative learning, Empathetic thinking, Social-emotional skills/understanding challenges, Communication skills and Authority in learning.

Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration

Sub-theme: Whole-person Development & Diversity and Inclusion Education

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: G4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Hung-lin CHI, Associate Professor, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Ms Junyu CHEN, Ph.D Student, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Mr Haolei LIN, Ph.D Student, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

KnowLearn is an interactive learning assistant system designed for architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) education, where personalized recommendations for students in virtual learning environments remain under-explored. An educational knowledge graph (KG) was constructed to contain multifaceted information by connecting pedagogical, learning performance, and learning feedback data as sub-graphs. A heterogeneous graph attention network (HAN) was implemented to infer latent information in the educational KG and identified essential factors shaping students’ acceptance of virtual learning environments. Based on sampling data of 107 students from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Building and Real Estate, we found students’ self-efficacy, intention to use, and in-class quiz performance were significant predictors of final learning outcomes in subjects that adopt virtual learning environments. This project further deployed a local-based large language model (LLM) Qwen-7B and built an interactive graphical user interface (GUI) with Gradio. Utilizing the information preserved in the educational KG and learned from HAN as the basis, this LLM facilitated conversations between students and KnowLearn, enhancing personalized recommendations while securing student privacy. The developed system contributed to helping improve the learning experiences and performances of AEC students within virtual learning environments.

Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.1  Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: L3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Dr Edmund Tai Ming WUT, Senior Lecturer, Division of Business and Hospitality Management, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

We aim to investigate factors affecting students’ intention to join blended learning courses in higher education sector using Community of Inquiry framework and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model was employed to develop a new research framework while constructs in the Community of Inquiry are Stimulus and constructs from UTAUT are considered as Organism and Response. A survey was conducted with undergraduate students in a Hong Kong higher institution. It was found that Teaching Presence (TP), Social Presence (SP) and Cognitive Presence (CP) were associated with performance expectancy, social influence and effort expectancy respectively. Performance expectancy and effort expectancy were associated with social influence. Social influence was associated with students’ attitude towards blended learning. Institution support was not related to the students’ attitude towards blended learning in the post-pandemic period. Attitude towards blended learning was associated with their behavioral intention to participate in blended learning. Online and offline tools could be adopted to improve the students’ acceptance towards the blended learning approach.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.4  Other UGC grants, Quality Education Fund (QEF), and Quality Enhancement Support Scheme (QESS)

Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800

Venue: L1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

– Dr Joseph Yui-yip LAU, Interim Head of Student Affairs and Senior Lecturer, Division of Business and Hospitality Management, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

Strengthening diversity and inclusion education may foster Hong Kong to establish a regional education hub in the Asia Pacific region. To align with the dual objectives of internationalization and the integration of the Greater Bay Area, the admission policy and strategy have been fundamental changes in the past few decades. As expected, the student population is not only local students but also mainland students, ethics minorities, and other foreign students jointly enroll in the programme, participate in the student activities, and use the campus facilities for learning and social networking purposes. In response, the Student Affairs Office plays a crucial role in building diversity and inclusion education on the campus. This study aims to investigate the current context of the higher education sector, to identify the challenges of building diversity and inclusion education on campus, and to propose possible future trends of building diversity and inclusion education in the higher education sector in the forthcoming years.

Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration

Sub-theme: 2.2 Diversity and Inclusion Education

Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700

Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II

Presenter(s)

– Dr Chloe Pui Yee SIU, Senior Lecturer, School of Graduate Studies and Institute of Policy Studies, Lingnan University

Abstract

Gerontechnology is a multidisciplinary field combining gerontology and technology, it comes matching technological environments to various facets of an ageing population. With the development of technologies, the HKSAR Government and different enterprises develop innovative products to cater for the needs of older adults and caregivers. It is arguably essential to develop opportunities and capabilities by creating a gerontechnology ecosystem with innovation to enable different stakeholders to effectively participate in gerontechnology and help Hong Kong society to overcome challenges related to population ageing. Since 2019, Lingnan University has been at the forefront of promoting gerontechnology through its “Gerontechnology and Smart Ageing in Place Project.” The project’s primary goal is to advocate for the use of gerontechnology in facilitating smart ageing and to support the development of social entrepreneurship in this field. Furthermore, it functions as an educational platform, offering training courses and workshops on various aspects of gerontechnology, including healthcare, dining, living, transport, exercising, and learning. An essential component of LU’s approach is its emphasis on the value co-creation process, as outlined by Kijima et al. (2014). This model comprises four phases: co-experience, co-definition, co-elevation, and co-development. It provides a framework for understanding how value is generated, exchanged, and transformed through the collaboration of diverse stakeholders. This process is crucial for fostering innovation and ultimately leading to sustainable solutions for smart ageing.

Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration

Sub-theme: Diversity and Inclusion Education

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: K1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level 1

Presenter(s)

– Dr Laura ZHOU, Education Development Officer, Education Development Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Mr Leo WONG, Project Associate, Education Development Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

The flipped learning and teaching approach redefines the traditional classroom dynamic by swapping the order of direct instruction and homework activities. In a flipped classroom, students engage with instructional materials (such as videos, readings, or podcasts) outside of class, freeing up valuable in-class time for active learning, collaborative activities, and deeper understanding. In our quest to promote effective flipped learning and teaching practices, we conducted comprehensive interviews with experienced teaching staff at PolyU, who have successfully integrated this methodology into their course. Their valuable insights were collected and compiled into case studies, which were then disseminated to all teaching staff members through e-newsletters and experience sharing workshops. These teaching cases serve as compelling examples, showcasing the versatility and impact of flipped learning and teaching. They underscore the significance of adapting pedagogical methods to enhance student learning experiences. By shifting the locus of content consumption outside the classroom, educators empower students to actively engage with the material during face-to-face sessions, fostering a deeper understanding and more meaningful interactions.

Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.2  Fund for Innovative Technology-in-Education (FITE)

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II

Presenter(s)

– Dr Peggy NG, Principal Lecturer, Division of Business and Hospitality Management, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

With the development of innovative technology, virtual reality (VR) has become very popular and accessible to the public. There has been growing evidence that VR can influence people and change their values and behaviors. VR encourages individuals, especially teenagers, to engage in a specific behavior, such as pro-environmental behavior (PEB). Pro-environmental behavior (PEB) allowed lowering the environmental harms deliberately and substantially enhancing the future harmony. Using Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory, the present study aims to examine the relationship between teenagers’ perceived values and pro-environmental behavioral intention in VR platforms. Students (N = 120) were invited to visit the VR lab for an immersive experience focused on carbon footprint. The results showed that hedonic value predicts pro-environmental intention, whereas altruistic value predicts awareness of responsibility of individuals. The findings of the study will contribute to both theoretical and practical contributions. From practical perspectives, integrating VR into sustainability education can enhance student engagement by providing immersive and interactive VR experiences. This innovative approach of teaching fosters students’ pro-environmental intention, raising awareness of personal responsibility in caring for the environment. By incorporating VR elements into programme development, higher education institutions can better equip students with the knowledge in sustainability to address future environmental challenges.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Quality Education Fund (QEF), and Quality Enhancement Support Scheme (QESS)