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- College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University ×
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong ×
- Hong Kong Baptist University ×
- The University of Hong Kong ×
- Tung Wah College ×
- Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education ×
- 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG) ×
- 1.3 Special UGC Grant for Strategic Development of Virtual Teaching and Learning (VTL) ×
- 2.4 Whole-Person Development ×
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16 posts found
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: F2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Paul Lai Chuen LAM, Associate Professor, Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Mr Wikie Wai Kei CHAN, Research Coordinator, Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Miss Ka Yan LAU, Research Assistant, Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the educational landscape, presenting both opportunities and challenges for educators. This poster presentation showcases the work of two UGC-funded projects: “AI in Education” and “Generative AI for Teaching and Education (GATE).” These initiatives aim to bridge the gap between AI technologies and educators. By familiarizing educators with AI applications, empowering them with research insights, and providing professional development opportunities, these projects enable teachers to harness the power of AI as a tool for enhancing teaching and learning experiences. The presentation highlights the journey of supporting teachers in exploring, understanding, and applying AI in their own teaching contexts and calls for active participation in the broader AI community.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: F4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Mr Chun Hoi CHEUNG, Assistant Professor of Practice, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University
– Miss Hoi Yan FONG, Hong Kong Baptist University
– Miss Judith WONG, Hong Kong Baptist University
– Mr Conrad Kwan Ho CHAN, Hong Kong Baptist University
– Mr Shu Kin FONG, Hong Kong Baptist University
Abstract
Background: Led by Hong Kong Baptist University in collaboration with the University of Hong Kong, the project initiated the first-of-its-kind non-conventional simulation practicum in a realistic setting using Virtual Reality(VR) technology. Aim: The aim is to enhance students’ first-hand experiences with TCM diagnosis and consultations, thereby optimize the effectiveness of service-learning and equip students with necessary attributes such as self-learning ability and communication skills as future practitioners. Method The project encompassed (1)scriptwriting for VR development, (2)VR application with debriefing sessions held to explain the rationales of diseases and relevant physical examinations(PE) to students, and (3)skills contribution in service-learning. Numerical data was obtained through pre and post VR survey for analysis. The statistical test used was Wilcoxon signed-rank test, a paired difference test for comparing the pre-post scores of two matched samples. Post-VR focus group interviews were conducted to collect students’ views on the pros and cons of VR. Evaluation results Quantitatively, 51students completed the VR activity and responded the pre and post VR survey. Under 10-mark scoring scale with 10 as the largest extent, students’ self-evaluation on professional knowledge improved significantly. The medians of the mastery of diagnostic criteria, typical symptoms and physical examinations all increased from 6 to 7 with p<0.001. Students’ self-learning ability, understanding towards consultation procedures, technique in verbal consultation and skills in communicating with patients elevated from 6 to 7 in median, with p-values of 0.009,<0.001,<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively. Qualitatively, students mentioned in focus group that they got insights on the choices of physical examinations to be done in service-learning through VR. Yet, some students reported dizziness and nausea caused by VR headsets as the main barrier of the project, making it inapplicable to all students. Conclusion: This innovative approach is proven to improve clinical knowledge, foster self-learning ability, and develop generic attributes of students.
Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Challenges and Possibilities: Active Learning Strategy in Metaverse for Health Professions Education
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: G2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Florence Mei Kuen TANG, Lecturer, Division of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Dr Charis Yuk Man LI, Lecturer, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Mr Kenneth Chung Hin LAI, Centre for eLearning Innovation and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The metaverse offers unique attributes that differentiate it from other educational tools, particularly its “Interactivity, Corporeality, and Permanence” within an immersive unreal space. Active learning, a dynamic educational approach, encourages students to engage in learning rather than passively receiving information. We aim to harness the metaverse concept to create interior architectural design virtual spaces where learners can interact in real-time, computer-generated environments. Methods and Results Our team is currently developing innovative Metaverse Learning Environments (MetaL). Since early 2023, we have transitioned health-related tertiary education to active metaverse-based pedagogy for teaching and learning activities. This approach includes in-class teaching, flipped classes, after-class learning, virtual hands-on practice, and AI tutoring. A preliminary observational study of in-class activities reveals that teachers can reinforce knowledge delivery while students enhance their learning through positive class interactions. Discussion and Conclusion The MetaL showcases the importance of leveraging technology to revolutionize traditional learning environments. Such transformation boosts students’ confidence in self-directed learning, communication skills, collaborative learning, problem-solving, innovation, critical reflection, and proficiency in professional training, but with challenges. Take Home Message In the future, the rapid advancements in online-based communication and generative AI technologies will transform the academic landscape, contributing to metaverse digital learning resources. Additionally, interior architecture and design are critical for students to experience psychological and emotional relaxation when engaging in virtual learning environments for ethical interaction.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Dr Pui Pui Phoebe CHEUNG, Assistant Professor (Occupational Therapy), Academic Team, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
– Dr Anna Aracelly OLGUIN, Assistant Professor, Academic Team, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
Abstract
The United Nation Convention on the Rights of Child (UNCRC 1989) ensures the right of all children to have their basic needs taken care of, to be protected at all times, and to participate in decisions that will affect their lives. Unfortunately, millions of children around the world are deprived of these rights. As countries adopt, adapt, and uphold Child’s Rights and Protection protocols, there is a palpable need for information. Practices such as mandated reporting, enacted as law in some Western countries since the 1960’s, are now making their way to places in Hong Kong and teachers will be accountable to report. This presentation has dual objectives. One is to understand pre-service teachers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding child rights and protection pre and post course taking utilizing a co-design thinking approach. The second objective is to share information about a project aiming at co-constructing a culturally relevant Child’s Rights and Protection educational framework with parents who are Ethnic Minorities and/or parents of Special Education Needs children. From these perspectives, the knowledge and attitudes about child rights & protection among the preservice teachers and the voice of the caregivers are of immense importance towards the wellbeing of children in vulnerable populations.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Whole-person Development & Diversity and Inclusion Education
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Professor Adam FINGRUT, Director, Master of Architecture Programme, School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Design thinking methods are critical for architecture students as they provide a framework for human-centered and iterative problem-solving. This approach encourages students to empathize with the users of their designs, define the problem, ideate potential solutions, create prototypes, and test their ideas in real-world settings. By adopting an iterative approach toward full-scale prototyping of built projects, architecture students can gain valuable experience developing sustainable designs that consider the most efficient use of materials. The importance of prototyping with advanced tools to architecture students cannot be overstated in the context of STEAM-based higher education in Hong Kong. Using contemporary tools has become an integral part of the design process, and students must be equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to utilize them effectively. This project considers design thinking and STEAM-based methods as essentials for architecture students as they provide a framework for developing sustainable and efficient designs. It adopts a peer learning pedagogy that promotes collaboration, mutual support, and knowledge sharing among students, which can enhance their academic and personal growth.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Teaching Development and Language Enhancement
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Venue: B2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Mr Iain KILLOUGHERY, Lecturer, Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University
Abstract
Graduate attributes (GAs), formally adopted by higher education institutions for some time, describe the skills and competences that students should develop over the course of their studies. GAs are considered important to universities as they act as a means to represent and extend their brand, while also providing a channel to maintain connection with industry. However, despite regular engagement with industry, employers remain unsatisfied with graduate transferable skills. This may be caused by a lack of a common theoretical underpinning to develop such attributes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide an evidence-based methodology which develops transferable skills in university graduates. Two classes were used in this study; one class received a 12-week intervention incorporating a variety of coaching activities. The second class acted as a control group. Students completed pre-intervention surveys providing self-reports of ratings in GAs and resourcefulness behaviours. Post-intervention, students again complete surveys reporting self-ratings on the same topics. Survey data was analysed to identify changes in student scores, which highlighted improvements in all graduate attribute ratings post-intervention. Furthermore, help-seeking behaviours were shown to have significant improvement post-intervention. This study suggests that coaching practices may provide an effective method to develop transferable skills in students.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: 2.4 Whole-Person Development
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II
Presenters(s)
– Dr Joseph Yui-yip LAU, Interim Head of Student Affairs and Senior Lecturer, Division of Business and Hospitality Management, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Abstract
A large number of students enrolled in sub-degree programmes and self-financing degree programmes in self-financing post-secondary institutions each year. As such, self-financing post-secondary institutions perform a significant role in the higher education sector in Hong Kong. To the best of the author’s knowledge, most of the students are eager to achieve whole-person development to equip themselves before graduation. In other words, they strive toward becoming a preferred graduate to establish a career path or articulate to the ‘desirable’ universities for further study. This study illustrates the Student Affairs Office to address the key challenges of developing whole person development programme, deliver successful cases of the formation of a structured whole-person development programme, and point out the roadmap to the future whole-person development programme in the forthcoming years. As expected, the study may provide valuable insights to policymakers, educators, higher education institutions, and researchers to develop a future research agenda and policy.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Whole-person Development & Diversity and Inclusion Education
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400;1500-1600
Oral Presentation Venue: Rose Room, Lower Level II
Poster Presentation Venue: H1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Ir Dr H H CHEUNG, Senior Lecturer, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
– Mr Derek TONG, Tutor, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
– Mr Like WEN, Research Assistant, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The past social events and COVID-19 pandemic posed huge challenges to teaching and learning. The teaching team seized these challenges as opportunities to develop and incorporate e-learning in experiential projects and capstone courses, which otherwise mandate intensive face-to-face interactions. The team has developed the Digital Design House – An e-learning platform for collaborative product development – to facilitate experiential learning and hands-on projects in various courses that carry substantial components of innovative product design and development. The Digital Design House is a cloud-based experiential e-learning platform that provides remote access to CAD facilities for students to interact among group members and with teachers in virtual environments to share their ideas for product design and development. This e-learning platform integrates a set of advanced information and computing, 3D Hologram devices, virtual reality, mixed reality, and mobile devices with a suite of in-house developed applications for stereoscopic visualisation of virtual objects in an immersive virtual environment to facilitate systematic training and development of students’ innovative abilities through experiential learning. It not only allows students at different geographical regions and teachers to ubiquitously conduct teaching and learning, but also facilitates online lectures via video conferencing like Zoom or Microsoft Teams with more interactions in a virtually face-to-face environment. Indeed, this platform helps students understand what and how various knowledge and feasible technologies can be effectively integrated to create a feasible design/solution in a practical-and-innovative approach. As such, students are inspired with a stronger desire, self-initiative, and enthusiasm for exploring their potential in innovative creations.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Strategic Development of Virtual Teaching and Learning (VTL)
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: C4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr John Alexander WRIGHT, Senior Lecturer, Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Dr Kin Chi WONG, Research Associate, Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Ms Irene Yuet Shan LEUNG, Research Assistant, Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The project involves having research postgraduates in statistics (Stat RPgs) teach statistical methods to research postgraduates without a statistical background to support their research studies. During their training, they view our in-house developed videos. These videos include the learning challenges faced by students without a background in statistics. The videos also provide tips for effective statistics teaching, interviews with students without a statistics background, as well as shared experiences from previous Stat RPgs. After this, the RPgs finalize a teaching plan, prepare pre-workshop videos, and ultimately deliver two sections of a 3-hour in-person, hands-on workshop on a specific statistical method. The main challenge to the project’s success is formulating effective training strategies to align Stat RPgs’ expectations with those of students who lack a statistics background. Based on feedback from workshop participants and Stat RPgs, we recommend a bespoke approach to the training. This approach prioritizes learning from personal and shared experiences, as opposed to solely focusing on hard facts, theory, and data. The training includes observing the instant reactions of non-background students to math notations and basic statistics concepts, reviewing past experiences of Stat RPgs, observing how professors conduct workshops for students without a statistics background, facilitating discussions between Stat RPgs and instructors about draft teaching materials, and reflecting on teaching experiences after hands-on workshops. These activities prompt Stat RPgs to adapt their teaching methods to better accommodate students without a statistics background. Stat RPgs have discovered that modifying their teaching styles to suit the students’ needs is more effective than attempting to change the students. We discovered that our training program even enhances the teaching of Stat RPgs for statistics major students. This suggests the potential to develop sustainable, in-house training modules for teaching assistants within the department.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: F3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Paul Lai Chuen LAM, Associate Professor, Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
This poster presentation illustrates how a teaching and learning community of practice (T&L CoP) is leveraged as a platform to bring together knowledge workers across The Chinese University of Hong Kong. The T&L CoP explores a variety of teaching and learning topics, ranging from the application of innovative technologies, curriculum, student engagement, pedagogy, and pedagogic research. In particular, the T&L CoP is versatile in two ways. First, it highlights the multifaceted nature of the community. Such overarching T&L CoP encompasses ten special interest groups (SIGs), such as artificial intelligence for education, education for social responsibility, educational research, students as partners, and service learning. Underlying most of these SIGs is a core teacher structure, meaning that teachers serve as convenors who initiate tasks and events while receiving support from the project team. Second, the T&L CoP is versatile in the sense of adaptability. Specifically, these SIGs are constantly evolving, with new groups being formed and old ones gradually phased out, following the pedagogic needs for current and future education. In this way, the T&L CoP serves as a dynamic, interconnected hub that enables the university community to collectively navigate pedagogical innovations, share insights, and elevate teaching and learning practice across disciplines.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: C3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Ms Yangzhi LI, PhD student, School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong – Prof Adam FINGRUT, Director, Master of Architecture Programme, School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The paper presents an investigation into the integration of robotic fabrication technologies within architectural pedagogy, aiming to develop effective teaching methods and curricula tailored for a diverse group of students, including both postgraduate and undergraduate students. Robotics is an important technology in Industry 4.0, providing a wide range of capabilities in the manufacturing field. The rapid advancement of robotic arms in various industries has opened new possibilities for architectural education. Many architecture schools worldwide have established experimental laboratories equipped with robotic arms, creating opportunities for students to explore beyond the traditional scope of CNC manufacturing, however, professional courses focused on integrating robotic construction technologies into architectural education are currently scarce in the field. This research aims to explore the use of robots as an open interface for student problem-solving, geometry exploration, and programming in architectural education, catering to the students’ diverse backgrounds and skill levels. By utilizing robotic construction technologies, students can engage in hands-on experimentation, fostering the adoption of digital fabrication techniques.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: G3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Fraide A. Jr GANOTICE, Assistant Professor, Bau Institute of Medical and Health Sciences Education, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Disciplinary silos often perpetuate hierarchical relationships and competition, creating a significant barrier to teamwork and collaboration in healthcare. Students who are exclusively trained within the confines of their discipline and university miss out on opportunities to develop the interprofessional competencies necessary for managing complex medical conditions of patients. Therefore, cross-institutional interprofessional education is crucial to promote the sharing of expertise among professionals from different universities and to prepare students for clinical practice. This presentation will highlight the significant achievements of the project titled “Promoting cross-institutional collaboration through interprofessional education: Forging alliances in healthcare education.” Initiated by the University of Hong Kong (HKU) in partnership with the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), this innovative project aims to break down educational silos and foster interprofessional competencies among healthcare students. The project’s core objective is to enhance patient-centered care by developing and implementing a model of interprofessional education that integrates various healthcare disciplines. Throughout the four phases of the project—Program Development, Pilot Testing, Actual Implementation, and Evaluation and Dissemination—numerous achievements have been documented. These include the successful integration of interprofessional education into the curricula, enhanced collaborative competencies among students. The project also pioneered the development of an evidence-based cross-institutional IPE Model, setting a benchmark for future educational endeavors in the healthcare sector. This presentation will delve into the methodologies employed, the collaborative initiatives between HKU and PolyU, and the positive impact on healthcare education highlighted by reduced medical errors and improved healthcare outcomes. By showcasing these achievements, the session aims to inspire continued progress in interprofessional education and collaboration across healthcare institutions globally.
Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Venue: Rose Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Dr Jian YANG, Deputy Director of Education Technology (EdTech HKUMed), LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The “Students as Partners (SaP)” support framework fosters active interdisciplinary collaboration. Key initiatives undertaken by the Students as Partners Community of Practice (SaP CoP) involve organizing seminar-sharing sessions, hosting internal CoP meetings, and conducting formal consultation sessions for those initiating SaP projects. These efforts offer valuable learning opportunities and continuous support for both educators and students. At HKU, the SaP CoP has developed a Scope, Process, and Levels framework for SaP activities. In partnership with TALIC, the SaP CoP has established a dedicated webpage and featured it in the HKU bulletin. These initiatives have been well-received by students and staff alike, providing meaningful experiences and practical guidelines that significantly contribute to their learning and engagement journey.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Strategic Development of Virtual Teaching and Learning (VTL)
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: C1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Alex KOON, Senior Lecturer, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
This poster-sharing session shares the outcomes collected in the first phase of a TDG project, “AI for Formative Assessment”, exploring how the Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) function in AI can possibly provide formative feedback in speaking assessments. In this phase of the project, language teachers from the Centre for Language in Education at the Education University of Hong Kong have applied the ASR function on Whatsapp, a daily social messenger platform for Hong Kong students, to provide formative feedback during a consultation session in a University speaking course: Skills for Language Test I. This project explores the effectiveness, challenges, and implications of using AI to provide formative feedback on pronouncing words and phrases.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Professor Michael BOTELHO, Clinical Professor, Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong
– Ms Trinity JIAO, HKU SaP CoP Project Coordinator, Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The “Students as Partners (SaP)” support framework fosters active interdisciplinary collaboration. Key initiatives undertaken by the Students as Partners Community of Practice (SaP CoP) involve organizing seminar-sharing sessions, hosting internal CoP meetings, and conducting formal consultation sessions for those initiating SaP projects. These efforts offer valuable learning opportunities and continuous support for both educators and students. At HKU, the SaP CoP has developed a Scope, Process, and Levels framework for SaP activities. In partnership with TALIC, the SaP CoP has established a dedicated webpage and featured it in the HKU bulletin. These initiatives have been well-received by students and staff alike, providing meaningful experiences and practical guidelines that significantly contribute to their learning and engagement journey.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Teaching Development and Language Enhancement
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: H3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Henry Tsz Yeung FUNG, Lecturer cum Programme Director of ORGC Concentration, Communication Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on university students’ learning, necessitating a sudden shift from face-to-face learning to virtual learning. This sudden shift disrupted student-teacher interactions and cut off access to vital resources like libraries and media labs, leaving students scrambling in an unfamiliar digital landscape. Recognizing the need for accessible learning tools in these uncertain times, this study centres on the curation of a digital video archive featuring exemplary student works to facilitate peer-to-peer learning in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fifty high-achieving students majoring in communication were invited to discuss their learning experiences and the processes involved in creating distinct class projects. These interviews were then turned into thirty short peer-learning videos and stored in a digital archive. The archive was advertised to over 200 students via mass email, in-class promotions, and school web pages during the Fall 2022 and Spring 2023 semesters. To gain a better understanding of student engagement with the digital archive as a means of active learning and knowledge construction, three focus group interviews were conducted. Findings reveal that the archive positively impacts student learning by providing an accessible, flexible platform for understanding course materials outside of the traditional classroom setting. This is particularly useful during the add/drop period when students want to learn more about the course before enrolment. Additionally, the peer advice and work samples shared in the videos provide a grounded perspective on instructor expectations, hence enabling students to produce higher-quality work.