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- The University of Hong Kong ×
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ×
- Tung Wah College ×
- Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education ×
- 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG) ×
- 1.2 Fund for Innovative Technology-in-Education (FITE) ×
- 2.1 Community of Practice (CoP) ×
- 2.2 Diversity and Inclusion Education ×
- 2.3 Community Engaged Learning ×
- 2.4 Whole-Person Development ×
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16 posts found
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: I1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Selena YAN, Senior E-learning Assistant, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
– Ms Leah LI, Senior E-learning Assistant, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is a transformative technology that fosters creativity, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills in various industries, including healthcare and medical education. At HKU Medicine, we appreciate the importance of advancing GenAI literacy and propose to develop and deliver a new online course that covers the latest advances, pitfalls, ethical and professional aspects of GenAI. We aim to advance AI and digital competency for all students, professoriates and clinicians at HKU Medicine and the Hong Kong medical community. To evaluate the effectiveness of this online GenAI literacy course, an assessment study will be conducted. We will use a mixed methods approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data through pre- and post- surveys, individual interviews and practical exercises. The survey will be adapted from the “Scale for the Assessment of Non-Experts’ AI Literacy” (SNAIL), while the interviews will provide additional context and insights into participants’ experiences and challenges with GenAI. Practical exercises will provide objective data for evaluation. Target participants will be recruited through convenience sampling, and data analysis will include both statistical and thematic analyses. The study has already obtained ethical approval. Results from this study will be used to identify improvement needs for the online course and inform the integration of GenAI in medical and health sciences education and clinical practices. Overall, the project will contribute to the advancement of GenAI literacy in medical education and healthcare professions, supporting the ethical and effective application of GenAI technology in these fields.
Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.2 Fund for Innovative Technology-in-Education (FITE)
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: J4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Beatrice CHU, Head, Professional Development, Center for Education Innovation, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Abstract
The “Co-Creating the Future of Education” project, a collaborative effort led by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), alongside the University of Hong Kong (HKU) and Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), advances the Student as Partners (SaP) approach within Hong Kong’s higher education sector. This initiative aims to transform pedagogical models by embedding student engagement in the learning process. Key objectives include enhancing professional development programs, enabling faculty and staff to collaborate effectively with students, and establishing a standardized evaluation framework to measure the impact of SaP initiatives. The project also emphasizes the creation of a Community of Practice for Student Partnership, facilitating the exchange of successful strategies and supporting ongoing SaP projects. Additionally, the Student Partnership Co-Creation Program is a cornerstone objective, fostering innovative ideas and collaborative efforts between students and faculty. Progress to date includes the successful implementation of five key focus areas: organizing professional development seminars, establishing a resource hub, and initiating the Student Partnership Co-Creation Program. Notably, 20 teams from various institutions participated in this program, yielding high satisfaction rates and valuable insights. Ultimately, this project seeks to create a sustainable, collaborative ecosystem that enhances student agency, faculty development, and curriculum innovation across participating institutions.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Dr Pui Pui Phoebe CHEUNG, Assistant Professor (Occupational Therapy), Academic Team, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
– Dr Anna Aracelly OLGUIN, Assistant Professor, Academic Team, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
Abstract
The United Nation Convention on the Rights of Child (UNCRC 1989) ensures the right of all children to have their basic needs taken care of, to be protected at all times, and to participate in decisions that will affect their lives. Unfortunately, millions of children around the world are deprived of these rights. As countries adopt, adapt, and uphold Child’s Rights and Protection protocols, there is a palpable need for information. Practices such as mandated reporting, enacted as law in some Western countries since the 1960’s, are now making their way to places in Hong Kong and teachers will be accountable to report. This presentation has dual objectives. One is to understand pre-service teachers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding child rights and protection pre and post course taking utilizing a co-design thinking approach. The second objective is to share information about a project aiming at co-constructing a culturally relevant Child’s Rights and Protection educational framework with parents who are Ethnic Minorities and/or parents of Special Education Needs children. From these perspectives, the knowledge and attitudes about child rights & protection among the preservice teachers and the voice of the caregivers are of immense importance towards the wellbeing of children in vulnerable populations.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Whole-person Development & Diversity and Inclusion Education
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: K2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Sean MCMINN, Director, Center for Education Innovation, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Abstract
This project aims to develop a Co-Instructrional Designer platform to assist instructors in creating course materials. By leveraging Generative AI, the platform will support faculty members in designing course outlines, content, learning activities, assignments, and rubrics aligned with learning outcomes. The platform will connect to a Center for Education Innovation (CEI)-managed knowledge base containing curated pedagogies and best practices. Instructors will interact with the platform through pre-defined prompts, receiving tailored guidance that they can evaluate and adapt to meet their specific course needs. Key features of the platform include front-end interfaces for instructors and system administrators, robust technical architecture for file storage, and conversation history management. Having completed the Proof-of-Concept phase, implementation will proceed with structuring the knowledge base, developing the frontend, integrating the system, and conducting testing, with the final rollout planned for Fall 2025/26. The project will benefit approximately 750 faculty members and teaching staff at HKUST. This tool has multiple applications: it can serve as a co-designer for faculty, support quality assurance, assist with faculty development, and aid in Teaching and Learning Innovation Pedagogy and Blended Learning Projects. Success will be measured by the quality of responses in testing scenarios, training participation and satisfaction, and overall platform usage.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.2 Fund for Innovative Technology-in-Education (FITE)
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Oral Presentation Venue: Rose Room, Lower Level II
Poster Presentation Venue: E4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Joseph CHAN, Associate Director at Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, HKU Business School, The University of Hong Kong
– Dr Jing LI, Lecturer and BBA (International Business and Global Management) Deputy Programme Director, HKU Business School, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Teaching and learning for innovation and entrepreneurship requires equipping students with the necessary skills for cross-disciplinary innovation: conducting academic research for scientific advancement, designing projects to translate research into applications, and connecting these to the value-chain for market adoption and commercialization. This TDG project aims at the third area – to train students for the entrepreneurial ecosystem, particularly the Greater Bay Area. The project utilizes interactive learning methods from business interviews of guest speakers to case discussions, including direct communication with industry professionals, for first-hand knowledge and perspectives to deepen students’ understanding of innovation and business strategies. The curriculum is further enhanced through tailor-made videos featuring interviews with senior management, offering practical insights into strategies and operations. This project establishes a hub of applied studies covering a spectrum of industries, to serve as a valuable resource for larger innovation community audience. The core in this pedagogical methodology is to bring industry into the classroom, and vice versa. Online and offline activities foster community building and knowledge exchange within the innovation ecosystem, while students’ reflection encourages them to apply their learning in the GBA.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Community Engaged Learning & Community of Practice (CoP)
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Oral Presentation Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II
Poster Presentation Venue: D2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Ms Hong Ching CHAN, Senior Curriculum Development Officer, Centre for Advancement of Chinese Language Education and Research, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong
– Ms Hongyun DENG, Research Manager, Centre for Advancement of Chinese Language Education and Research, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Empowering ethnic-minority students’ learning of writing is essential to students’ development in school and beyond. The advent of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has accelerated the transformation of education systems, providing new possibilities for addressing their challenges. Guided by the writing process theory, social constructivism, and self-regulated learning, this study proposes the WISE framework, comprising four key components: Write, Investigate, Synthesize, and Evaluate. It also reports on qualitative research, incorporating participant observation and content analysis, on WISE’s implementation among 10 ethnic-minority students in three primary schools in Hong Kong. The results suggest that this framework can systematically support students’ writing abilities in terms of 1) enriching vocabulary and language usage, 2) improving quality and depth of writing content, 3) enhancing writing structures and creativity, and 4) strengthening critical thinking.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Diversity and Inclusion Education
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Venue: Fanling Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Mr Jac LEUNG, Lecturer, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Abstract
This project explores the intersection of Generative AI, reflection and experiential learning, highlighting GenAI’s pivotal role in fostering deeper cognitive processes and the attainment of complex knowledge structures. In recognition of the multifaceted dimensions of reflection, we aim to examine GenAI’s role in promoting different focuses of reflection including technical reflection on efficiency of attaining goals; practical reflection on challenging assumptions and establishing identities; and critical reflection on reflecting within a broader consideration of socio-historical and political-cultural context. GenAI is widely praised for its ability to serve as agent to writing and agent to knowledge. This study explores GenAI’s potential as agent to reflect, offering a perspective transformation devoid of judgement and social bias. We adopt an action research approach to accommodate both the rapidly growing research area and state-of-the-art teaching innovations. To examine the roles of GenAI in various types of experiential learning contexts, a 3-year collaboration project consists of four local universities in Hong Kong was initiated in early 2024. Participating students are of diverse background in science, social science, engineering, business, and health profession (radiography). Reflective exercises are designed according to the course context and the type of experiences within entrepreneurship education, social innovation, and health professional training.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Innovative Technology-in-Education
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Venue: Fanling Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Mr Jungjin PARK, PhD student, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
– Professor Larry LI, Associate Head & Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technolog
Abstract
Immersive technologies come in various forms and names, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and recently spatial computing. While higher education has always been at the forefront of experimenting with such technologies in the classroom, the ubiquity of smartphones and tablets – capable of creating robust AR experiences – has made it possible for wider adoption in recent years. In this presentation, we highlight lessons learned from a pilot project that leveraged AR to enhance aerospace laboratory training at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and how this effort is being expanded across multiple disciplines such as pulmonary physiotherapy and forensic pathology. In particular, we share our vision to combine AR and large language models (LLMs) to design truly immersive learning experiences that can be effectively deployed into classrooms. When combined, the two technologies mutually benefit and supplement their respective advantages and limitations, thereby overcoming many of the current challenges faced by educators when deploying either on their own.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Innovative Technology-in-Education
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Venue: Fanling Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Rick KWAN, Associate Dean (Programme) & Professor, School of Nursing, Tung Wah College
Abstract
In the professionalisation of healthcare services, many healthcare professions emerged. These healthcare professions become highly specialised to care for specific health issues, although their common goal is to promote human health. In the era of the increasing complexity of diseases and health issues, knowledge from a specific profession might not suffice to solve the complex health issues of humans. However, the knowledge generated from different healthcare professions may conflict. As a result, the healthcare plans including inputs from various healthcare professions lead to incongruent treatment practices. The derived conflicts jeopardize the health outcomes of people. Interprofessional education (IPE) occurs when (learners) from two or more professions learn about, from and with each other to enable effective collaboration and health outcomes. IPE is a necessary step in preparing a “collaborative practice-ready” health workforce that is better prepared to respond to local health needs. Tung Wah College offers training for the second-largest number of healthcare professionals in Hong Kong, including nursing, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, radiotherapy, and medical laboratory science. These programmes are all accredited by the related professional regulating bodies in Hong Kong. However, interprofessional education is not a mandatory training requirement stipulated by these professional regulating bodies. Since 2023, TWC developed a Community of Practice of Healthcare Professional Health Education. We work closely together to share a common goal of strengthening interprofessional healthcare teamwork through integrated education across programmes.
Theme: 2: Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Community of Practice (CoP)
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Oral Presentation Venue: Fanling Room, Lower Level I
Poster Presentation Venue: I2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Ting Leung Albert LEE, Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
– Dr Victor LEE, Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
– Dr Zhengyuan WEI, Research Associate, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
– Mr Alex KIANG, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been demonstrated to be highly effective in generative AI applications, resulting in substantial improvement in accuracy and reliability of large language model responses. The success of this approach is accomplished through seamless integration of AI capabilities and practical knowledge base, which fosters an interactive learning mechanism conducive to automatic question-answering augmented with references and refined prompts, leading to a more vibrant and connected learning environment. Communication portals enable effective inquiry and prompt responses while the course-specific chatbot helps reduce teachers’ workload and streamline classroom management. In this project, the RAG approach is applied to a discipline-core course named Integrated Design Project (IDP) in the second semester 2023-24. This project-based course consists of 78 EEE undergraduate students with diverse programming experience. The IDP-specific AI chatbot is developed using the Coze platform with a Discord server. To name a few, the main contents of practical knowledge base include the procedures for setting up a Raspberry Pi webcam, the installation process of Jetson Inference library on Jetson Nano, how to use YOLO model for object detection, how to install Jetson inference library on Jetson Nano, etc. The anonymous feedback survey conducted at the end of the course shows high utilization and satisfaction of the chatbot, confirming the effectiveness of this approach in facilitating students’ learning.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Innovative Technology-in-Education
Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Ms Nancy TING, Senior Lecturer, Early Childhood Education, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
– Ms Mary Ann HOOD, Senior Lecturer, Early Childhood Education, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
Abstract
The transition from kindergarten to primary school is an important time for children and parents. In addition, starting primary school is a significant milestone for children as the teaching and learning experiences, curriculum and classroom environment are markedly different to the kindergarten. For example, there are new rules and expectations to get used to. Coping well and adjusting to the changes is important and a successful start to primary school is associated with future learning success in school. The overall Kindergarten to Primary (K2P) project objective is to overcome stress brought by the K2P transition; provide a solid foundation for primary school stage and promote child readiness for school and school readiness for child and family. The project has four objectives that focus inter alia on the students, their parents, and in-service and pre-service teachers. This presentation will focus on objective 1 which is to equip students with a positive mindset and readiness for the new learning environment using a multi-step approach. This approach includes implementing lesson plans and home activities to develop and support children’s acquisition of 7 specific skillsets, namely Cognitive skills, Independent thinking, Collaborative learning, Empathetic thinking, Social-emotional skills/understanding challenges, Communication skills and Authority in learning.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Whole-person Development & Diversity and Inclusion Education
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Venue: Rose Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Dr Janet CHAN, Senior Lecturer, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Fifty undergraduate (UG) students from various faculties at HKU have been trained as Climate Ambassadors through the project titled “Partnering with Students in Climate Education: HKU Climate Ambassador.” This climate education initiative is supported by the HKU Teaching Development Grant and aims to empower UG students to co-create climate actions and make a meaningful impact on broader communities. The project commenced in February 2024. To enhance students’ understanding of climate issues and involve them as partners, ten postgraduates and alumni have been appointed as mentors. They provide engaging dialogues and guidance to the UG students in their climate action endeavors. Additionally, students receive training through team-building activities, field trips, and seminars conducted by climate experts. Subsequently, students form groups and develop their own climate actions, such as addressing food waste, promoting biodiversity, and exploring public attitudes towards waste recycling. These actions will be showcased in a student-led conference scheduled for mid-June 2024. Following the conference, 18 selected Climate Ambassadors will participate in a desert service-learning trip in mainland China in July 2024, supported by YMCA and the Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant 2022-25. During the seven-day stay in Tengger Desert, these 18 HKU Climate Ambassadors will play a crucial role as co-developers of the camp. They will be empowered to educate camp participants and local communities about climate change and waste reduction. Collaborating with camp participants, they will carry out climate-related services, engage in personal reflection, and create meaningful impact within their own circles and the wider community. These experiences will help our Climate Ambassadors develop essential soft skills, including problem-solving, communication, leadership, and teamwork. Moreover, this experiential learning opportunity will incorporate international, intercultural, and global dimensions, enabling our HKU students to cultivate a global outlook, global citizenship, cultural inclusiveness, and intercultural competence – all highly valued by employers in today’s workplace.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Community Engaged Learning & Community of Practice (CoP)
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: G3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Fraide A. Jr GANOTICE, Assistant Professor, Bau Institute of Medical and Health Sciences Education, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Disciplinary silos often perpetuate hierarchical relationships and competition, creating a significant barrier to teamwork and collaboration in healthcare. Students who are exclusively trained within the confines of their discipline and university miss out on opportunities to develop the interprofessional competencies necessary for managing complex medical conditions of patients. Therefore, cross-institutional interprofessional education is crucial to promote the sharing of expertise among professionals from different universities and to prepare students for clinical practice. This presentation will highlight the significant achievements of the project titled “Promoting cross-institutional collaboration through interprofessional education: Forging alliances in healthcare education.” Initiated by the University of Hong Kong (HKU) in partnership with the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), this innovative project aims to break down educational silos and foster interprofessional competencies among healthcare students. The project’s core objective is to enhance patient-centered care by developing and implementing a model of interprofessional education that integrates various healthcare disciplines. Throughout the four phases of the project—Program Development, Pilot Testing, Actual Implementation, and Evaluation and Dissemination—numerous achievements have been documented. These include the successful integration of interprofessional education into the curricula, enhanced collaborative competencies among students. The project also pioneered the development of an evidence-based cross-institutional IPE Model, setting a benchmark for future educational endeavors in the healthcare sector. This presentation will delve into the methodologies employed, the collaborative initiatives between HKU and PolyU, and the positive impact on healthcare education highlighted by reduced medical errors and improved healthcare outcomes. By showcasing these achievements, the session aims to inspire continued progress in interprofessional education and collaboration across healthcare institutions globally.
Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Professor Michael BOTELHO, Clinical Professor, Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong
– Ms Trinity JIAO, HKU SaP CoP Project Coordinator, Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The “Students as Partners (SaP)” support framework fosters active interdisciplinary collaboration. Key initiatives undertaken by the Students as Partners Community of Practice (SaP CoP) involve organizing seminar-sharing sessions, hosting internal CoP meetings, and conducting formal consultation sessions for those initiating SaP projects. These efforts offer valuable learning opportunities and continuous support for both educators and students. At HKU, the SaP CoP has developed a Scope, Process, and Levels framework for SaP activities. In partnership with TALIC, the SaP CoP has established a dedicated webpage and featured it in the HKU bulletin. These initiatives have been well-received by students and staff alike, providing meaningful experiences and practical guidelines that significantly contribute to their learning and engagement journey.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Teaching Development and Language Enhancement
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Venue: E3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Christelle NOT, Senior Lecturer, Department of Earth Sciences, The Unviersity of Hong Kong
Abstract
This study explored how the emotional framing of climate change messages (hope appeal vs. fear appeal) impacted students’ emotions and sense of efficacy towards addressing climate change. Prior research had focused on the persuasive effects of hope and fear appeals, but lacked investigation into how audience perceptions influence the interpretation of these messages. The quantitative results showed that the hope-appeal group experienced a significantly greater increase in self-efficacy and collective efficacy compared to the fear-appeal group. Qualitative analysis provided potential explanations – hope-appeal videos shifted students’ attention towards messages about effective mitigation actions, while fear-appeal videos directed focus to the negative consequences of climate change. Importantly, before the intervention, many students believed individual efforts were negligible compared to collective action. However, the hope-appeal’s emphasis on efficacy allowed students to recognize the value of their individual contributions, boosting their self-efficacy and collective efficacy. The findings suggest that communicating climate solutions with hope and gain-framed messages, rather than fear appeals, may be more effective in empowering younger generations to take meaningful action against climate change.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: 2.3 Community Engaged Learning
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Venue: Fanling Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Meike SAURWEIN, Lecturer, Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
– Ms Evelyn Yu Shan PANG, Teaching Associate, Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Abstract
In an era of complex global challenges, the need for interdisciplinary approaches in sustainability education has never been more critical. The Sustainability Education Community of Practice (SEC) aims to build on the power of interdisciplinary collaboration to foster innovative solutions and drive transformation in how we teach sustainability. SEC brings together faculty, staff and postgraduate researchers from diverse fields, including science, humanities, business, and engineering, who share a passion for teaching sustainability and an interest in innovating how we teach sustainability on campus. Our work centers on bringing together educators to form a platform for teaching collaboration, development of new teaching approaches and a network for sharing and learning. Through a serious or networking events, interactive workshops and focused support initiatives we aimed at supporting faculty and staff in developing new approaches towards teaching sustainability, discuss challenges, share tools and build up a support network. This presentation will showcase HKUST SEC’s key initiatives, including interdisciplinary workshops and collaborative teaching projects. We will highlight successful case studies that demonstrate the impact of our approach on building a community of educators who are passionate about driving sustainability. Attendees will gain insights into strategies for fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, learn about potential challenges and possibly be inspired to incorporate these practices into their own educational contexts.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration