Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: H2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Pauli LAI, Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Dr Julia CHEN, Director, Educational Development Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

A common assessment in university is the oral presentation, and students are often required to deliver presentations in English. Two challenges arise. First, many students mainly focus on the discipline content in the assessment preparation process rather than the communication or use of English in their presentations. Second, lecturers of large classes (e.g. around 200 engineering students in one course) hardly have time to give feedback to each student on the English communication aspect of their oral presentations. A baseline survey reveals students’ need for assistance with presentation skills and a hope for having AI-generated feedback among both students and discipline teachers. To address these needs and hope, a team of educators from PolyU and BU with expertise in language and AI technology collaboratively developed an online English oral presentation platform called SmartPresenter. SmartPresenter provides students with presentation tips, learning materials, and extensive AI-generated feedback on the communication-related aspects of delivering oral presentations in English, including eye contact, facial expressions, vocal fillers, pronunciation, and fluency. This presentation describes the development and features of SmartPresenter, and the evaluation results of the effectiveness of the platform in facilitating independent learning practices for English oral presentations and assisting teachers in grading presentation assessment.

Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.3  Special UGC Grant for Strategic Development of Virtual Teaching and Learning (VTL)

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Rose Room, Lower Level II

Presenter(s)

– Dr Aftab AMIN, Teaching Associate, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Abstract

Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) empower educators to develop active-learning pedagogical approaches that motivate students to simultaneously engage, develop knowledge, social skills, and subject interest. To initiate VR/AR learning at the Division of Life Science (LIFS), HKUST, LIFS1904 Laboratory for General Biology II (comprising four experiments, ~300 diverse learners) was selected. In recent years, increasing enrollment has created manpower and space shortages, while post-pandemic issues have made student learning and the acquisition of resources, such as rat cadavers for teaching anatomy, physiology, and dissection more challenging. To address pressing issues, enhance active-learning, and make practical transitions fluid and cohesive, gamification is being used to develop a customizable, Virtual Reality Platform (VRP). A story-based narrative has also been implemented to create immersive, engaging, memorable and impactful pedagogy. In this presentation we will examine the deliverables of the project. Some of the findings from our student surveys, focus groups and interviews will also be shared to provide a better understanding of how technology-driven pedagogical innovations can facilitate active learning, information literacy, enhance student support, and facilitate peer-teaching, so that graduate attributes can be delivered.

Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Strategic Development of Virtual Teaching and Learning (VTL)

Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800

Venue: B4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Mr Frankie Tsz Ki FAN, Executive Officer, Talent and Education Development Office, City University of Hong Kong

Abstract

CityUHK launched the CityU Tiger Programme for nurturing the talents of tomorrow and transforming students into future global leaders. The Programme targets both newly-admitted undergraduate students with outstanding academic performance as well as high-achieving first-year students and have approximately 1,000 members in 2023/24. With constant guidance and support from faculty members, the Programme organised various tailored activities for these elite students, allowing them to navigate the challenges of the fast-changing world, cultivate their talents in their respective fields of study, contribute to their communities, and ultimately emerge as future leaders and change-makers.

Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration

Sub-theme: 2.4  Whole-Person Development

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: J4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Beatrice CHU, Head, Professional Development, Center for Education Innovation, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Abstract

The “Co-Creating the Future of Education” project, a collaborative effort led by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), alongside the University of Hong Kong (HKU) and Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), advances the Student as Partners (SaP) approach within Hong Kong’s higher education sector. This initiative aims to transform pedagogical models by embedding student engagement in the learning process. Key objectives include enhancing professional development programs, enabling faculty and staff to collaborate effectively with students, and establishing a standardized evaluation framework to measure the impact of SaP initiatives. The project also emphasizes the creation of a Community of Practice for Student Partnership, facilitating the exchange of successful strategies and supporting ongoing SaP projects. Additionally, the Student Partnership Co-Creation Program is a cornerstone objective, fostering innovative ideas and collaborative efforts between students and faculty. Progress to date includes the successful implementation of five key focus areas: organizing professional development seminars, establishing a resource hub, and initiating the Student Partnership Co-Creation Program. Notably, 20 teams from various institutions participated in this program, yielding high satisfaction rates and valuable insights. Ultimately, this project seeks to create a sustainable, collaborative ecosystem that enhances student agency, faculty development, and curriculum innovation across participating institutions.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.1  Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: C2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Professor Bin LI, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong

– Dr Yee Na LI, Part-time Research Associate, Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong

Abstract

Our ten years’ evidence-based study revealed that the alternative pathway from sub-degree to degree studies is viable while challenging for Senior Year Admission (SYA) students. The inadequate alignment between sub-degree and university programmes is the main determinant of their heavy academic workload. Their transitional challenges call for an examination of the existing programme articulation process and academic advising to SYA students. In response to their needs, the project sustains our previous work from UGC-funded and TDG sustainability projects to promote best practices to support SYA students. An online Cross Institutional Credit-transfer Information System (CICIS) was launched to enhance the transparency of credit transfer and facilitate smooth transition of SYA students. Another student-centred Resources Website was developed to provide cross-institutional support to SYA students from the first point of transferring to universities. In addition, a series of collaborative activities, such as an international Credit Transfer Conference, local and overseas webinar sessions and the Internationalisation-at-Home (IaH) programme, has been organised. The project provides implications to administrators and policy makers in higher education, informing policies and practices to optimize the transfer experience for students’ greater success in universities and in the society.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: J1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Professor Jeanne TAN, Professor, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Dr Wing Chung WONG, Post-Doctoral Fellow, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

Talent development in innovation and technology is key to the sustainable development of a vibrant economy. STEM education plays a vital role in nurturing a globally competitive workforce for the future. Fostering STEM literacy at the early stages of education will equip students with the core knowledge and interdisciplinary skills for creative innovation and contributing to the future economy. Conventional education is often discipline-focused with a tendency to employ linear learning strategies which do not fully explore the knowledge opportunities present in the interdisciplinary STEM content. This often results in a skewed emphasis on technical content which young students may find difficult to contextualise in daily life. The reflective and adaptive nature of design may serve as an effective bridge to connect creativity and knowledge seeking in STEM domains (Toomey and Tan, 2018). A design-led STEM framework was adopted in two Quality Education Fund projects, reaching over 1000 secondary school students. These projects utilized fashion, artificial intelligence, and e-textiles as mediums to help students develop problem solving skills with real world applications.

Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.4  Other UGC grants, Quality Education Fund (QEF), and Quality Enhancement Support Scheme (QESS)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: L2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Kenneth Chi-hang LO, Associate Division Head and Senior Lecturer, Division of Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Dr Anthony Wai-keung LOH, Division Head and Director of Hong Kong Community College, Division of Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,

Abstract

The learning and teaching of science and/or engineering subjects face a big challenge under the COVID-19 pandemic because all face-to-face laboratory works are suspended. Since laboratory works are essential and critical elements to science and engineering education. Teachers have tried other means to relief the effect by performing demonstration, simulation or virtual laboratory, such that experimental data can be collected for analysis afterwards. However, students commented that they cannot see and control the laboratory apparatus in “real” time. Besides, students are required to conduct experiments in a fixed schedule and usually the teaching and laboratory schedules are not synchronized, due to the limited laboratory equipment and space. Students are required to conduct the experiment before the teaching of the corresponding theory. This affects their learning experience and motivation. The proposed project aims to develop a web-based remote laboratory for science and engineering education to facilitate student independent learning and enhance their learning experience. The objectives of the project are to: (1) design the infrastructure and software specification of the remote laboratory system; (2) identify experimental sets that can be conducted remotely; (3) enhance student learning experience and engagement as “real time” operation of laboratory equipment individually or in a group at anytime and anywhere under safe and controlled environment; (4) reduce the initial investment on offering science and/or engineering programmes by other local institutions for a better development of the sector; (5) enhance collaboration between local and even overseas institutions by sharing experimental sets; (6) inspire the tertiary education sector to develop blended and online teaching modules for science and engineering subjects which required laboratory works.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.4  Other UGC grants, Quality Education Fund (QEF), and Quality Enhancement Support Scheme (QESS)

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400;1500-1600

Oral Presentation Venue: Rose Room, Lower Level II
Poster Presentation Venue: H1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Ir Dr H H CHEUNG, Senior Lecturer, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong

– Mr Derek TONG, Tutor, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong

– Mr Like WEN, Research Assistant, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong

Abstract

The past social events and COVID-19 pandemic posed huge challenges to teaching and learning. The teaching team seized these challenges as opportunities to develop and incorporate e-learning in experiential projects and capstone courses, which otherwise mandate intensive face-to-face interactions. The team has developed the Digital Design House – An e-learning platform for collaborative product development – to facilitate experiential learning and hands-on projects in various courses that carry substantial components of innovative product design and development. The Digital Design House is a cloud-based experiential e-learning platform that provides remote access to CAD facilities for students to interact among group members and with teachers in virtual environments to share their ideas for product design and development. This e-learning platform integrates a set of advanced information and computing, 3D Hologram devices, virtual reality, mixed reality, and mobile devices with a suite of in-house developed applications for stereoscopic visualisation of virtual objects in an immersive virtual environment to facilitate systematic training and development of students’ innovative abilities through experiential learning. It not only allows students at different geographical regions and teachers to ubiquitously conduct teaching and learning, but also facilitates online lectures via video conferencing like Zoom or Microsoft Teams with more interactions in a virtually face-to-face environment. Indeed, this platform helps students understand what and how various knowledge and feasible technologies can be effectively integrated to create a feasible design/solution in a practical-and-innovative approach. As such, students are inspired with a stronger desire, self-initiative, and enthusiasm for exploring their potential in innovative creations.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Strategic Development of Virtual Teaching and Learning (VTL)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: H4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Mr Isaac Ka Chun WAN, Instructional Designer, Centre for Education Innovation, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Abstract

The use of videos in asynchronous learning significantly enhances the educational experience, especially for intricate or abstract concepts. Videos allow students to adapt their learning pace, fostering a more flexible and personalized process. However, traditional video lectures often promote passive learning, making it hard for instructors to monitor students’ progress effectively. To address these challenges and help instructors create an interactive video-based learning environment, a strategic workflow has been developed. This workflow incorporates two customized digital tools that facilitate the creation of engaging video elements and provide detailed analytics on student engagement and progress. As a result, students are empowered in their asynchronous learning journey.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.3  Special UGC Grant for Strategic Development of Virtual Teaching and Learning (VTL)

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II

Team member(s)

– Professor Alvin Chung Man LEUNG, Associate Head & Associate Professor, Department of Information Systems, City University of Hong Kong

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical importance of online learning, where learners must engage in self-regulated learning (SRL) to achieve optimal outcomes. Gamification interventions have been implemented to improve SRL engagement in online environments, but the mixed results of these efforts have raised doubts about their efficacy. This study investigates whether the inconsistent findings can be attributed to a lack of consideration for individual learner characteristics during gamification design. Focusing on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), we examined how gamified performance feedback interacted with learners’ goal orientation, an individual trait known to influence SRL and learning. By tracking the SRL engagement of 760 college students over five weeks using learning analytics, we found that positively framed performance feedback without social comparisons increased SRL engagement and learning outcomes for participants with a strong performance-avoidance goal orientation. Conversely, the same feedback had a negative impact on participants with a strong mastery goal orientation. These findings contribute to SRL theory by demonstrating that the effectiveness of gamification in online learning is contingent on aligning the design elements with individual learner characteristics and highlight the importance of personalized gamification approaches to optimize SRL and learning in MOOC.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Teaching Development and Language Enhancement

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: G4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Hung-lin CHI, Associate Professor, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Ms Junyu CHEN, Ph.D Student, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

– Mr Haolei LIN, Ph.D Student, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

KnowLearn is an interactive learning assistant system designed for architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) education, where personalized recommendations for students in virtual learning environments remain under-explored. An educational knowledge graph (KG) was constructed to contain multifaceted information by connecting pedagogical, learning performance, and learning feedback data as sub-graphs. A heterogeneous graph attention network (HAN) was implemented to infer latent information in the educational KG and identified essential factors shaping students’ acceptance of virtual learning environments. Based on sampling data of 107 students from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Building and Real Estate, we found students’ self-efficacy, intention to use, and in-class quiz performance were significant predictors of final learning outcomes in subjects that adopt virtual learning environments. This project further deployed a local-based large language model (LLM) Qwen-7B and built an interactive graphical user interface (GUI) with Gradio. Utilizing the information preserved in the educational KG and learned from HAN as the basis, this LLM facilitated conversations between students and KnowLearn, enhancing personalized recommendations while securing student privacy. The developed system contributed to helping improve the learning experiences and performances of AEC students within virtual learning environments.

Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.1  Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: L3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Dr Edmund Tai Ming WUT, Senior Lecturer, Division of Business and Hospitality Management, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

We aim to investigate factors affecting students’ intention to join blended learning courses in higher education sector using Community of Inquiry framework and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model was employed to develop a new research framework while constructs in the Community of Inquiry are Stimulus and constructs from UTAUT are considered as Organism and Response. A survey was conducted with undergraduate students in a Hong Kong higher institution. It was found that Teaching Presence (TP), Social Presence (SP) and Cognitive Presence (CP) were associated with performance expectancy, social influence and effort expectancy respectively. Performance expectancy and effort expectancy were associated with social influence. Social influence was associated with students’ attitude towards blended learning. Institution support was not related to the students’ attitude towards blended learning in the post-pandemic period. Attitude towards blended learning was associated with their behavioral intention to participate in blended learning. Online and offline tools could be adopted to improve the students’ acceptance towards the blended learning approach.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.4  Other UGC grants, Quality Education Fund (QEF), and Quality Enhancement Support Scheme (QESS)

Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600

Venue: G3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Professor Fraide A. Jr GANOTICE, Assistant Professor, Bau Institute of Medical and Health Sciences Education, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong

Abstract

Disciplinary silos often perpetuate hierarchical relationships and competition, creating a significant barrier to teamwork and collaboration in healthcare. Students who are exclusively trained within the confines of their discipline and university miss out on opportunities to develop the interprofessional competencies necessary for managing complex medical conditions of patients. Therefore, cross-institutional interprofessional education is crucial to promote the sharing of expertise among professionals from different universities and to prepare students for clinical practice. This presentation will highlight the significant achievements of the project titled “Promoting cross-institutional collaboration through interprofessional education: Forging alliances in healthcare education.” Initiated by the University of Hong Kong (HKU) in partnership with the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), this innovative project aims to break down educational silos and foster interprofessional competencies among healthcare students. The project’s core objective is to enhance patient-centered care by developing and implementing a model of interprofessional education that integrates various healthcare disciplines. Throughout the four phases of the project—Program Development, Pilot Testing, Actual Implementation, and Evaluation and Dissemination—numerous achievements have been documented. These include the successful integration of interprofessional education into the curricula, enhanced collaborative competencies among students. The project also pioneered the development of an evidence-based cross-institutional IPE Model, setting a benchmark for future educational endeavors in the healthcare sector. This presentation will delve into the methodologies employed, the collaborative initiatives between HKU and PolyU, and the positive impact on healthcare education highlighted by reduced medical errors and improved healthcare outcomes. By showcasing these achievements, the session aims to inspire continued progress in interprofessional education and collaboration across healthcare institutions globally.

Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: 1.1  Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)

Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800

Venue: B3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I

Presenter(s)

– Dr Xiang LI, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic

– Dr Xiaoqin ZHU, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic

– Dr Diya DOU, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic

Abstract

Higher education programs often focus on disciplinary knowledge and professional skills, with cognitive skills given top priority. As a timely response to limited education for wellbeing and non-cognitive skills development, PolyU’s Leadership and Intra-personal Development Team developed four subjects, including Tomorrow’s Leaders, Promotion of Children and Adolescent Development, Service Leadership, and Service Leadership through Serving Children and Families with Special Needs to nurture students’ leadership, improve their wellbeing, and promote their whole person development. These subjects aim to nurture students to become ethical leaders of tomorrow and responsible citizens by adopting a holistic youth development approach based on cutting-edge theories and research on late adolescence and emerging adulthood, leadership development, and service-learning. To date, over 27,000 students have taken the four subjects. Different evaluation methods involving multiple stakeholders over time have demonstrated positive and significant impact of the four subjects on students’ wellbeing and holistic development. Positive feedback from students and recognition from the higher education community have contributed to these subjects receiving numerous prestigious awards, both internationally and locally. These include the UGC Teaching Award 2018 and the Gold Award in the Nurturing Wellbeing & Purpose category at the Wharton-QS Stars Reimagine Education Awards 2021.

Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration

Sub-theme: 2.4  Whole-Person Development

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Rose Room, Lower Level II

Presenter(s)

– Dr Jian YANG, Deputy Director of Education Technology (EdTech HKUMed), LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong

Abstract

The “Students as Partners (SaP)” support framework fosters active interdisciplinary collaboration. Key initiatives undertaken by the Students as Partners Community of Practice (SaP CoP) involve organizing seminar-sharing sessions, hosting internal CoP meetings, and conducting formal consultation sessions for those initiating SaP projects. These efforts offer valuable learning opportunities and continuous support for both educators and students. At HKU, the SaP CoP has developed a Scope, Process, and Levels framework for SaP activities. In partnership with TALIC, the SaP CoP has established a dedicated webpage and featured it in the HKU bulletin. These initiatives have been well-received by students and staff alike, providing meaningful experiences and practical guidelines that significantly contribute to their learning and engagement journey.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Strategic Development of Virtual Teaching and Learning (VTL)

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II

Presenter(s)

– Professor Michael BOTELHO, Clinical Professor, Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong

– Ms Trinity JIAO, HKU SaP CoP Project Coordinator, Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong

Abstract

The “Students as Partners (SaP)” support framework fosters active interdisciplinary collaboration. Key initiatives undertaken by the Students as Partners Community of Practice (SaP CoP) involve organizing seminar-sharing sessions, hosting internal CoP meetings, and conducting formal consultation sessions for those initiating SaP projects. These efforts offer valuable learning opportunities and continuous support for both educators and students. At HKU, the SaP CoP has developed a Scope, Process, and Levels framework for SaP activities. In partnership with TALIC, the SaP CoP has established a dedicated webpage and featured it in the HKU bulletin. These initiatives have been well-received by students and staff alike, providing meaningful experiences and practical guidelines that significantly contribute to their learning and engagement journey.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Teaching Development and Language Enhancement

Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500

Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II

Presenter(s)

– Dr Peggy NG, Principal Lecturer, Division of Business and Hospitality Management, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

With the development of innovative technology, virtual reality (VR) has become very popular and accessible to the public. There has been growing evidence that VR can influence people and change their values and behaviors. VR encourages individuals, especially teenagers, to engage in a specific behavior, such as pro-environmental behavior (PEB). Pro-environmental behavior (PEB) allowed lowering the environmental harms deliberately and substantially enhancing the future harmony. Using Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory, the present study aims to examine the relationship between teenagers’ perceived values and pro-environmental behavioral intention in VR platforms. Students (N = 120) were invited to visit the VR lab for an immersive experience focused on carbon footprint. The results showed that hedonic value predicts pro-environmental intention, whereas altruistic value predicts awareness of responsibility of individuals. The findings of the study will contribute to both theoretical and practical contributions. From practical perspectives, integrating VR into sustainability education can enhance student engagement by providing immersive and interactive VR experiences. This innovative approach of teaching fosters students’ pro-environmental intention, raising awareness of personal responsibility in caring for the environment. By incorporating VR elements into programme development, higher education institutions can better equip students with the knowledge in sustainability to address future environmental challenges.

Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements

Sub-theme: Quality Education Fund (QEF), and Quality Enhancement Support Scheme (QESS)