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19 posts found
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Venue: D4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr William Man Yin CHEUNG, Senior Education Development Officer, Talent and Education Development Office, City University of Hong Kong
– Ms Ka Yan SO, Educational Development Officer, Talent and Education Development Office, City University of Hong Kong
Abstract
In the recent era of rapid development and ubiquitous application of artificial intelligence (AI), it has become crucial for all students to be AI-literate irrespective of their academic background. This poster shares the pilot run of the “AI for All” initiative at CityUHK, which introduced the basic principles, development, and recent applications of AI to the participating students. Students analysed how AI has been utilised by various organisations/platforms and demonstrated improved AI literacy after the initiative.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: 2.2 Diversity and Inclusion Education
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: F2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Paul Lai Chuen LAM, Associate Professor, Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Mr Wikie Wai Kei CHAN, Research Coordinator, Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Miss Ka Yan LAU, Research Assistant, Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the educational landscape, presenting both opportunities and challenges for educators. This poster presentation showcases the work of two UGC-funded projects: “AI in Education” and “Generative AI for Teaching and Education (GATE).” These initiatives aim to bridge the gap between AI technologies and educators. By familiarizing educators with AI applications, empowering them with research insights, and providing professional development opportunities, these projects enable teachers to harness the power of AI as a tool for enhancing teaching and learning experiences. The presentation highlights the journey of supporting teachers in exploring, understanding, and applying AI in their own teaching contexts and calls for active participation in the broader AI community.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Venue: D1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr William Man Yin CHEUNG, Senior Education Development Officer, Talent and Education Development Office, City University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The recent advent of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has demanded prompt actions for supporting educators to review and possibly revamp their courses accordingly. This poster shares the experience of CityUHK for administering a programme of online modules, seminars and funding availability to empower academic staff in incorporating AI into the curriculum. In response to the positive feedback received, the programme was implemented for a second time with updates and enhancement.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: 2.2 Diversity and Inclusion Education
Challenges and Possibilities: Active Learning Strategy in Metaverse for Health Professions Education
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: G2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Florence Mei Kuen TANG, Lecturer, Division of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Dr Charis Yuk Man LI, Lecturer, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Mr Kenneth Chung Hin LAI, Centre for eLearning Innovation and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The metaverse offers unique attributes that differentiate it from other educational tools, particularly its “Interactivity, Corporeality, and Permanence” within an immersive unreal space. Active learning, a dynamic educational approach, encourages students to engage in learning rather than passively receiving information. We aim to harness the metaverse concept to create interior architectural design virtual spaces where learners can interact in real-time, computer-generated environments. Methods and Results Our team is currently developing innovative Metaverse Learning Environments (MetaL). Since early 2023, we have transitioned health-related tertiary education to active metaverse-based pedagogy for teaching and learning activities. This approach includes in-class teaching, flipped classes, after-class learning, virtual hands-on practice, and AI tutoring. A preliminary observational study of in-class activities reveals that teachers can reinforce knowledge delivery while students enhance their learning through positive class interactions. Discussion and Conclusion The MetaL showcases the importance of leveraging technology to revolutionize traditional learning environments. Such transformation boosts students’ confidence in self-directed learning, communication skills, collaborative learning, problem-solving, innovation, critical reflection, and proficiency in professional training, but with challenges. Take Home Message In the future, the rapid advancements in online-based communication and generative AI technologies will transform the academic landscape, contributing to metaverse digital learning resources. Additionally, interior architecture and design are critical for students to experience psychological and emotional relaxation when engaging in virtual learning environments for ethical interaction.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Venue: B4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Mr Frankie Tsz Ki FAN, Executive Officer, Talent and Education Development Office, City University of Hong Kong
Abstract
CityUHK launched the CityU Tiger Programme for nurturing the talents of tomorrow and transforming students into future global leaders. The Programme targets both newly-admitted undergraduate students with outstanding academic performance as well as high-achieving first-year students and have approximately 1,000 members in 2023/24. With constant guidance and support from faculty members, the Programme organised various tailored activities for these elite students, allowing them to navigate the challenges of the fast-changing world, cultivate their talents in their respective fields of study, contribute to their communities, and ultimately emerge as future leaders and change-makers.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: 2.4 Whole-Person Development
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Dr Pui Pui Phoebe CHEUNG, Assistant Professor (Occupational Therapy), Academic Team, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
– Dr Anna Aracelly OLGUIN, Assistant Professor, Academic Team, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
Abstract
The United Nation Convention on the Rights of Child (UNCRC 1989) ensures the right of all children to have their basic needs taken care of, to be protected at all times, and to participate in decisions that will affect their lives. Unfortunately, millions of children around the world are deprived of these rights. As countries adopt, adapt, and uphold Child’s Rights and Protection protocols, there is a palpable need for information. Practices such as mandated reporting, enacted as law in some Western countries since the 1960’s, are now making their way to places in Hong Kong and teachers will be accountable to report. This presentation has dual objectives. One is to understand pre-service teachers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding child rights and protection pre and post course taking utilizing a co-design thinking approach. The second objective is to share information about a project aiming at co-constructing a culturally relevant Child’s Rights and Protection educational framework with parents who are Ethnic Minorities and/or parents of Special Education Needs children. From these perspectives, the knowledge and attitudes about child rights & protection among the preservice teachers and the voice of the caregivers are of immense importance towards the wellbeing of children in vulnerable populations.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Whole-person Development & Diversity and Inclusion Education
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: C2, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Bin LI, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong
– Dr Yee Na LI, Part-time Research Associate, Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Our ten years’ evidence-based study revealed that the alternative pathway from sub-degree to degree studies is viable while challenging for Senior Year Admission (SYA) students. The inadequate alignment between sub-degree and university programmes is the main determinant of their heavy academic workload. Their transitional challenges call for an examination of the existing programme articulation process and academic advising to SYA students. In response to their needs, the project sustains our previous work from UGC-funded and TDG sustainability projects to promote best practices to support SYA students. An online Cross Institutional Credit-transfer Information System (CICIS) was launched to enhance the transparency of credit transfer and facilitate smooth transition of SYA students. Another student-centred Resources Website was developed to provide cross-institutional support to SYA students from the first point of transferring to universities. In addition, a series of collaborative activities, such as an international Credit Transfer Conference, local and overseas webinar sessions and the Internationalisation-at-Home (IaH) programme, has been organised. The project provides implications to administrators and policy makers in higher education, informing policies and practices to optimize the transfer experience for students’ greater success in universities and in the society.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Professor Adam FINGRUT, Director, Master of Architecture Programme, School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Design thinking methods are critical for architecture students as they provide a framework for human-centered and iterative problem-solving. This approach encourages students to empathize with the users of their designs, define the problem, ideate potential solutions, create prototypes, and test their ideas in real-world settings. By adopting an iterative approach toward full-scale prototyping of built projects, architecture students can gain valuable experience developing sustainable designs that consider the most efficient use of materials. The importance of prototyping with advanced tools to architecture students cannot be overstated in the context of STEAM-based higher education in Hong Kong. Using contemporary tools has become an integral part of the design process, and students must be equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to utilize them effectively. This project considers design thinking and STEAM-based methods as essentials for architecture students as they provide a framework for developing sustainable and efficient designs. It adopts a peer learning pedagogy that promotes collaboration, mutual support, and knowledge sharing among students, which can enhance their academic and personal growth.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Teaching Development and Language Enhancement
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: C4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr John Alexander WRIGHT, Senior Lecturer, Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Dr Kin Chi WONG, Research Associate, Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Ms Irene Yuet Shan LEUNG, Research Assistant, Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, Centre for Learning Enhancement and Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The project involves having research postgraduates in statistics (Stat RPgs) teach statistical methods to research postgraduates without a statistical background to support their research studies. During their training, they view our in-house developed videos. These videos include the learning challenges faced by students without a background in statistics. The videos also provide tips for effective statistics teaching, interviews with students without a statistics background, as well as shared experiences from previous Stat RPgs. After this, the RPgs finalize a teaching plan, prepare pre-workshop videos, and ultimately deliver two sections of a 3-hour in-person, hands-on workshop on a specific statistical method. The main challenge to the project’s success is formulating effective training strategies to align Stat RPgs’ expectations with those of students who lack a statistics background. Based on feedback from workshop participants and Stat RPgs, we recommend a bespoke approach to the training. This approach prioritizes learning from personal and shared experiences, as opposed to solely focusing on hard facts, theory, and data. The training includes observing the instant reactions of non-background students to math notations and basic statistics concepts, reviewing past experiences of Stat RPgs, observing how professors conduct workshops for students without a statistics background, facilitating discussions between Stat RPgs and instructors about draft teaching materials, and reflecting on teaching experiences after hands-on workshops. These activities prompt Stat RPgs to adapt their teaching methods to better accommodate students without a statistics background. Stat RPgs have discovered that modifying their teaching styles to suit the students’ needs is more effective than attempting to change the students. We discovered that our training program even enhances the teaching of Stat RPgs for statistics major students. This suggests the potential to develop sustainable, in-house training modules for teaching assistants within the department.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Venue: D3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Kin WAN, Teaching Fellow, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
– Dr Jeffrey LEUNG, Teaching Fellow, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Abstract
This study assesses an inter-professional training program aimed at improving the skills of optometry and education students in addressing the visual needs of children with special educational needs (SEN). Due to communication and behavioral challenges, SEN children are at a higher risk of having undetected visual problems, necessitating effective collaboration between optometrists and educators. The program included lectures, workshops, and practical vision screenings at special schools. Pre- and post-program surveys, using a Likert scale, measured participants’ understanding of SEN and confidence in managing visual issues in these children. Thirty-seven optometry and 21 education students participated in the study. Results showed a significant enhancement in the understanding of SEN characteristics and the importance of pediatric eye care (p < 0.001 and p < 0.023 respectively). Optometry students reported increased confidence in building rapport with SEN children, conducting eye exams, and making professional judgments (p ≤ 0.006). The findings suggest that inter-professional training can effectively improve the competence of future professionals in providing comprehensive eye care to SEN children, showcasing the benefits of collaborative educational approaches between healthcare and special education sectors.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: 2.2 Diversity and Inclusion Education
Oral Presentation Time: 1600-1700
Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Ms Ka Yan SO, Education Development Officer, Talent and Education Development Office, City University of Hong Kong
Abstract
Peer-Assisted Learning scheme using Supplemental Instruction (PALSI) has been a cornerstone of CityUHK’s commitment to academic excellence and student success. This presentation will introduce the PALSI initiative, a peer-led approach designed to enhance students’ understanding of course materials and improve overall learning strategies. Insights from PALSI coordinators and leaders will be shared, highlighting the scheme’s impact on both students and leaders.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Diversity and Inclusion Education
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: F3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Professor Paul Lai Chuen LAM, Associate Professor, Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
This poster presentation illustrates how a teaching and learning community of practice (T&L CoP) is leveraged as a platform to bring together knowledge workers across The Chinese University of Hong Kong. The T&L CoP explores a variety of teaching and learning topics, ranging from the application of innovative technologies, curriculum, student engagement, pedagogy, and pedagogic research. In particular, the T&L CoP is versatile in two ways. First, it highlights the multifaceted nature of the community. Such overarching T&L CoP encompasses ten special interest groups (SIGs), such as artificial intelligence for education, education for social responsibility, educational research, students as partners, and service learning. Underlying most of these SIGs is a core teacher structure, meaning that teachers serve as convenors who initiate tasks and events while receiving support from the project team. Second, the T&L CoP is versatile in the sense of adaptability. Specifically, these SIGs are constantly evolving, with new groups being formed and old ones gradually phased out, following the pedagogic needs for current and future education. In this way, the T&L CoP serves as a dynamic, interconnected hub that enables the university community to collectively navigate pedagogical innovations, share insights, and elevate teaching and learning practice across disciplines.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Oral Presentation Time: 1400-1500
Venue: Camomile Room, Lower Level II
Team member(s)
– Professor Alvin Chung Man LEUNG, Associate Head & Associate Professor, Department of Information Systems, City University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical importance of online learning, where learners must engage in self-regulated learning (SRL) to achieve optimal outcomes. Gamification interventions have been implemented to improve SRL engagement in online environments, but the mixed results of these efforts have raised doubts about their efficacy. This study investigates whether the inconsistent findings can be attributed to a lack of consideration for individual learner characteristics during gamification design. Focusing on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), we examined how gamified performance feedback interacted with learners’ goal orientation, an individual trait known to influence SRL and learning. By tracking the SRL engagement of 760 college students over five weeks using learning analytics, we found that positively framed performance feedback without social comparisons increased SRL engagement and learning outcomes for participants with a strong performance-avoidance goal orientation. Conversely, the same feedback had a negative impact on participants with a strong mastery goal orientation. These findings contribute to SRL theory by demonstrating that the effectiveness of gamification in online learning is contingent on aligning the design elements with individual learner characteristics and highlight the importance of personalized gamification approaches to optimize SRL and learning in MOOC.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: Teaching Development and Language Enhancement
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: C3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Ms Yangzhi LI, PhD student, School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong – Prof Adam FINGRUT, Director, Master of Architecture Programme, School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
The paper presents an investigation into the integration of robotic fabrication technologies within architectural pedagogy, aiming to develop effective teaching methods and curricula tailored for a diverse group of students, including both postgraduate and undergraduate students. Robotics is an important technology in Industry 4.0, providing a wide range of capabilities in the manufacturing field. The rapid advancement of robotic arms in various industries has opened new possibilities for architectural education. Many architecture schools worldwide have established experimental laboratories equipped with robotic arms, creating opportunities for students to explore beyond the traditional scope of CNC manufacturing, however, professional courses focused on integrating robotic construction technologies into architectural education are currently scarce in the field. This research aims to explore the use of robots as an open interface for student problem-solving, geometry exploration, and programming in architectural education, catering to the students’ diverse backgrounds and skill levels. By utilizing robotic construction technologies, students can engage in hands-on experimentation, fostering the adoption of digital fabrication techniques.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Venue: Peony Room, Lower Level II
Presenter(s)
– Ms Nancy TING, Senior Lecturer, Early Childhood Education, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
– Ms Mary Ann HOOD, Senior Lecturer, Early Childhood Education, Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education
Abstract
The transition from kindergarten to primary school is an important time for children and parents. In addition, starting primary school is a significant milestone for children as the teaching and learning experiences, curriculum and classroom environment are markedly different to the kindergarten. For example, there are new rules and expectations to get used to. Coping well and adjusting to the changes is important and a successful start to primary school is associated with future learning success in school. The overall Kindergarten to Primary (K2P) project objective is to overcome stress brought by the K2P transition; provide a solid foundation for primary school stage and promote child readiness for school and school readiness for child and family. The project has four objectives that focus inter alia on the students, their parents, and in-service and pre-service teachers. This presentation will focus on objective 1 which is to equip students with a positive mindset and readiness for the new learning environment using a multi-step approach. This approach includes implementing lesson plans and home activities to develop and support children’s acquisition of 7 specific skillsets, namely Cognitive skills, Independent thinking, Collaborative learning, Empathetic thinking, Social-emotional skills/understanding challenges, Communication skills and Authority in learning.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: Whole-person Development & Diversity and Inclusion Education
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: G4, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Hung-lin CHI, Associate Professor, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
– Ms Junyu CHEN, Ph.D Student, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
– Mr Haolei LIN, Ph.D Student, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Abstract
KnowLearn is an interactive learning assistant system designed for architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) education, where personalized recommendations for students in virtual learning environments remain under-explored. An educational knowledge graph (KG) was constructed to contain multifaceted information by connecting pedagogical, learning performance, and learning feedback data as sub-graphs. A heterogeneous graph attention network (HAN) was implemented to infer latent information in the educational KG and identified essential factors shaping students’ acceptance of virtual learning environments. Based on sampling data of 107 students from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Building and Real Estate, we found students’ self-efficacy, intention to use, and in-class quiz performance were significant predictors of final learning outcomes in subjects that adopt virtual learning environments. This project further deployed a local-based large language model (LLM) Qwen-7B and built an interactive graphical user interface (GUI) with Gradio. Utilizing the information preserved in the educational KG and learned from HAN as the basis, this LLM facilitated conversations between students and KnowLearn, enhancing personalized recommendations while securing student privacy. The developed system contributed to helping improve the learning experiences and performances of AEC students within virtual learning environments.
Theme: 1: Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Venue: B3, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Xiang LI, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
– Dr Xiaoqin ZHU, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
– Dr Diya DOU, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
Abstract
Higher education programs often focus on disciplinary knowledge and professional skills, with cognitive skills given top priority. As a timely response to limited education for wellbeing and non-cognitive skills development, PolyU’s Leadership and Intra-personal Development Team developed four subjects, including Tomorrow’s Leaders, Promotion of Children and Adolescent Development, Service Leadership, and Service Leadership through Serving Children and Families with Special Needs to nurture students’ leadership, improve their wellbeing, and promote their whole person development. These subjects aim to nurture students to become ethical leaders of tomorrow and responsible citizens by adopting a holistic youth development approach based on cutting-edge theories and research on late adolescence and emerging adulthood, leadership development, and service-learning. To date, over 27,000 students have taken the four subjects. Different evaluation methods involving multiple stakeholders over time have demonstrated positive and significant impact of the four subjects on students’ wellbeing and holistic development. Positive feedback from students and recognition from the higher education community have contributed to these subjects receiving numerous prestigious awards, both internationally and locally. These include the UGC Teaching Award 2018 and the Gold Award in the Nurturing Wellbeing & Purpose category at the Wharton-QS Stars Reimagine Education Awards 2021.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration
Sub-theme: 2.4 Whole-Person Development
Poster Presentation Time: 1225-1400; 1500-1600
Venue: C1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
Presenter(s)
– Dr Alex KOON, Senior Lecturer, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Abstract
This poster-sharing session shares the outcomes collected in the first phase of a TDG project, “AI for Formative Assessment”, exploring how the Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) function in AI can possibly provide formative feedback in speaking assessments. In this phase of the project, language teachers from the Centre for Language in Education at the Education University of Hong Kong have applied the ASR function on Whatsapp, a daily social messenger platform for Hong Kong students, to provide formative feedback during a consultation session in a University speaking course: Skills for Language Test I. This project explores the effectiveness, challenges, and implications of using AI to provide formative feedback on pronouncing words and phrases.
Theme: 1. Showcase Project Achievements
Sub-theme: 1.1 Teaching Development and Language Enhancement Grant (TDLEG)
Poster Presentation Time: 1500-1600; 1700-1800
Venue: L1, Tai Po-Shek-O Room, Lower Level I
– Dr Joseph Yui-yip LAU, Interim Head of Student Affairs and Senior Lecturer, Division of Business and Hospitality Management, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Abstract
Strengthening diversity and inclusion education may foster Hong Kong to establish a regional education hub in the Asia Pacific region. To align with the dual objectives of internationalization and the integration of the Greater Bay Area, the admission policy and strategy have been fundamental changes in the past few decades. As expected, the student population is not only local students but also mainland students, ethics minorities, and other foreign students jointly enroll in the programme, participate in the student activities, and use the campus facilities for learning and social networking purposes. In response, the Student Affairs Office plays a crucial role in building diversity and inclusion education on the campus. This study aims to investigate the current context of the higher education sector, to identify the challenges of building diversity and inclusion education on campus, and to propose possible future trends of building diversity and inclusion education in the higher education sector in the forthcoming years.
Theme: 2. Thematic Exploration